Chapter dilemma
these reflections on human nature seem abstract and difficult to understand, but that does not mean they are wrong. On the contrary, so many wise and profound philosophers have so far failed to recognize things, it seems can not be very obvious and easy no matter how these studies will allow us to make arduous efforts, as long as its importance in these issues so ineffable,UGG Classic Argyle Knit, so that we can increase knowledge, we can think we have been fully the reward. not just interest, but also fun.
Hume: further consideration of people think: What is the fundamental human? great philosopher David Hume said, the importance of these fundamental questions can not put into words.
doubt even we, with fear constantly come back to these issues, if the brain billions of cells from the machine, and spirit can be interpreted as a number of chemical and electrical reaction and the human prospect is bleak mm We are a group of creatures, the soul can not fly freely, if rooted in human evolution, Darwin's natural selection, So we are not God's creatures, but in the inevitability of genetic variation and environmental results today, but also from people in the quark and electron shell, the basic unit from the material to find the origin of the divine (Hans Kun fully reason to atheists ask the question: Why there is not nothing thing), and from the origin of species, but no longer see what a divine No matter how we use the metaphor and imagination to retouch the sad conclusion It remains as the last century the philosophy of science heritage lie in front of us.
the disappointing proposition, appears to be unavoidable. any serious thinking about the human condition, must be the premise of it as a primary . Without this premise, the humanities and social sciences will be limited to the description of the phenomenon, as the lack of physics, astronomy, biology, chemistry, and the lack of a lack of algebra mathematics. With this premise, human nature can become thorough empirical science object, biology will be able to liberal education services,cheap uggs for sale, we can truly achieve their own concepts fully developed.
However, in the new naturalism within the scope of effective retroactive to this conclusion, see will inevitably lead to two severe mental difficulties. The first dilemma is: all species, including ourselves, are not beyond their genetic history with all the rules created for purposes other than A species may have a wider choice of direction and the potential of intellectual evolution, but not from the role of factors outside the direct environment to get close to the purpose or direction, or even can not get this evolutionary goal: the molecular structure of species can be automatically adjusted to this goal, I believe, constructed the human spirit, to its own block in the basic restrictions and force it to a purely biological means to be selected if the brain's evolution is the result of natural selection, then, or even a particular aesthetic judgments and religious the ability of faith, are also bound to arise from these mechanisms and they or the ancient human evolution to adapt to the environment directly, or at most by a deeper, more subtle structure derived from a variety of activities, these activities have been more stringent in biological sense adaptive.
then, nature of the problem is that the brain exists because it promotes the formation of those who guide its survival and replication genes of human spirit is the survival and reproduction services institutions, intellectual skills, but one of its kinds, Stephen Weinberg pointed out that physical reality is so mysterious even for physicists,UGG Bailey Button Triplet, because it can not be understood and to make the structure of the human spirit. put this insight into the anti- over, we can more pointedly, the intellectual is not to understand the atomic structure, or even to understand the intelligence itself, but rather to promote the survival of the human genome. good thinking people know that his life can not exist in a understand the way among the biological ontogeny was determined, expressed as a series of stages was the same article, he will realize that a feeling of all human-specific driving force, intelligence, love, pride, anger, hope and anxiety, and ultimately believe in only one thing: he was involved in helping with the same cycle of eternal continuation of poets to the fact that as a tragedy, Yeats come to call it wisdom.
Although numerous green , after all, one;
unreal to me all the days of youth time in the sun I once
mosaic swaying;
now I have to wither and become real.
this first dilemma can be a word to express that we do not have any particular place, in addition to their biological nature, we do not have any purpose in the next few hundred years, humans will probably be in the technical and political achievement, to solve the energy crisis and materials to avoid nuclear war, birth control the world is expected to reach at least the stability of ecosystems and the general good nutrition, but then what? educated people no matter where they reside in, always believe there should be in addition to the material needs of the individual's internal potential to improve and achieve, but what is perfect? ??personal realization of the inherent potential to achieve? traditional religious beliefs have been eroded, partly because of the humiliation of exposing the myth, but more because of the growing awareness : Religious belief is just a mechanism for human survival, and other human organizations, members of religious development to enhance the firmness and influence. various forms of secular religion in addition to material benefits promised to the people and the legal consequences of human nature than to escape , there would be nothing. Their spiritual strength from the same type of self-expansion of the collective goal of the French political observer Alan Peyrefitte has an appreciation of the leaders talked about, he said: narcissistic joy, because they love them to achieve through his own. Similarly, the leaders have achieved through their natural love of his own purpose. kinds of impulses can be reduced to the highest biological behavior.
society of our time more pessimistic interpretation of home, such as R. 海尔布伦勒, R. Nisbet, and LS Gustav Linuo Si, all that Western civilization and basically the whole of mankind, directly facing the danger of decline from their logic is easy to post-ideological society (postmideological societies) of fantasy, the members of this community back into the self-Danmi Enron. G. Stent in ' golden era to maintain the high standard of living of ordinary people. the middle of the distribution is another type, most of which did not work, for whom the distinction between reality and fantasy still relevant hh they did not lose interest in life,Ugg boots online sale, from the sensory happy to seek to meet in the other end of the distribution is not suitable for employment of people, for them, at least with their physical presence on the appropriate scale, the boundaries of reality and fantasy is basically no longer exists.
so, potential difficulties in the first danger, that is the purpose of the rapid disappearance of the transcendental, social purpose can be organized in accordance with these their own strength of these purposes, the equivalent of war, the true spirit of the moral component, has been declining, as a mirage, When we approached it in one burst. To define a more realistic starting to search for new human ethics, they should make the necessary introspection, analysis of the spirit of the mechanism, trace its evolutionary history, but I point out in advance Such efforts will reveal a second dilemma, we have to the inherent nature of human bio-ethical premise to choose among.
concrete proof I left the next chapter, but first with the most brief language to describe the first two essential difficulties: the existence of innate brain power and motivation to censor, they profoundly, unconsciously influence our ethical premise, from the roots of human morality as evolved as instinct, if this understanding is correct , you can quickly enter the position of science, to examine the root causes and significance of human values; all ethical claims and it is from one of the most political activities.
philosophers have a general lack of vision of the theory of evolution, do not spend enough time to consider this issue and they examine the ethical system of beliefs, but the only reason for the result without trace. J. Rawls, in his influential In a just society, equality and civil liberties is justified, the rights guaranteed by the fair and not subordinate to political or social interests of the calculation the transaction (1974) in the beginning made the same firm's point of view: strong, they led to the question: what regime and its officials may do. strict social control to ensure stability, as much as possible to achieve equal distribution of social rewards. Nuoxi Ke in the eyes of an ideal society is ruled by the regime as small as possible, and the regime's power is only to enable citizens from violence and fraud, but not rule out the possible unequal distribution of Rolls refused to meritocracy; Nuoxi Ke is willing to accept, unless the local groups on a voluntary basis egalitarian experiment with ordinary people, philosophers according to their own standards on their own feelings response options, as if hidden in the question to the oracle.
secret of the oracle that exists in the depths of the emotional center of a large chest, probably on the edge of the systems.. This is the neuronal and hormonal secreting cells of a complex structure in the cerebral cortex just challenge is to measure the resulting limitations of the firm level, to find their roots in the brain, through the spirit of the evolutionary history of the reconstruction reveals the significance of these limitations, this work is the logical complement the study of cultural evolution.
If we successfully completed this work, we will enter the second dilemma, that is: the aforementioned censor force and moral motivation in what we should obey? which is appropriate to reduce or sublimation? these principles direction is the core of human nature. is that they, rather than the spirit of the first conviction, with the computer so that we distinguish, in this important biological significance, and one day we will be forced to show that we want to exist in their own to keep the number of human nature, because we have consciously to our genetic make a choice between various emotional direction. in order to control their own destiny, we must in the nature of biological control based on spontaneous, knowledge-transfer to the biology based on accurate orientation.
direction must be due to human nature through a complex combination of knowledge to be examined, they are so deceptive, always make the philosophers into a quagmire. is only one way forward, that is to study human As part of the natural sciences, the natural sciences and social sciences and the humanities united, I can not imagine any ideology or formalism shortcut. neurobiology can not be studied under the master learned the result of genetic evolution is not a legislative body able to determine, finally, even if only to consider the needs of normal existence, we must not rely solely on speculative smart and good people to deal with ethical questions of philosophy, although the progress of humanity through intuition and strength of will to achieve, but only About the nature of the rare experience of biological knowledge will enable us to progress in the conflict between the standards to make the best choice.
In this analysis, the development will be the primary biological and social sciences combination of these social sciences, including psychology, anthropology, sociology and economics, etc. Recently, the two cultures was totally into each other's perspective, the result is nothing but mutual dislike, misunderstanding, excessive enthusiasm, local conflicts and protocols, and so the phenomenon of mixed natural and Chen can be concluded: biology in the social sciences today as rival disciplines (antidiscipline) exist by kind of special relationship between opponents emphasized that this relationship is often found in the opponent organization level of the adjacent area for the first time the interaction began when, for example, for the chemical, the more physical disciplines of physics as its rivals for molecular biology, chemical disciplines as a rival for the physiology, molecular biology and disciplines as its rivals and so on, so to move upwards, each the subject of increasing specificity and complexity.
in the history of a discipline the early stages of a typical, the researchers believe their study is novel and unique, they dedicated a special study of objects and patterns in the early stages of exploration, they do not believe that the phenomenon can be reduced to simple rules. rival disciplines members have different attitudes. choose a lower organizational level research such as basic research, mm on the level of original research in molecular-level research subjects mm opponent members believe that higher levels of the organization subject to the laws in their own disciplines restated, for example, the laws of physics expressed in chemistry, chemical biology regular expression, etc. is narrow relative to their interest, abstract, and promising that I tend to use for example Dirac considers that the theory can be expanded to hydrogen atoms pure chemistry. few biologists still satisfied with this belief: life First, there is the possibility of confrontation, because the two adjacent tissue layers (such as atoms and molecules) of the researchers, when the organization to examine the higher level (here molecule) problem, initially based on their own methods and ideas as a starting point, according to today's standards, knowledgeable scientists should also active in three areas: their own disciplines (eg chemistry), the lower the opponent disciplines (physics), and high fields (biochemistry) mm It is for this discipline, academic performance of their own rival disciplines. As another example of a level more clearly, a good nervous system expert, a single nerve cell structure must have a full understanding, but also to understand the cell's between the transmission and distribution of the chemical basis of various impulses, but also hope to explain how the collaboration of these cells produce the basic patterns of behavior. every successful scientists according to their characteristics, as the center of their own disciplines to effectively deal with this phenomenon of three level.
initial interaction between the adjacent area is tight and creative, but as time goes on, this interaction will be completely complementary. Let us look at the origins of molecular biology. nineteenth century late cell microscopy (cytology) and the study of intracellular chemical processes (biochemistry) has developed rapidly during this period, the relationship between these two studies is complex, but with the development of schemata is very consistent with discipline. complex cell structure on the mass of evidence that cell scientist whom agitated, as they decipher the chromosomes during cell division mysterious dance language of modern genetics and developmental biology experiments to establish the foundation on the other hand, many biochemists still doubt on the existence of micro-level structure of so many who believe that the cells described by scientists, but the results of laboratory methods of man-made, one for microscopic examination of cells using these methods were fixed and stained. Biochemistry family's interest in the chemical nature of the cytoplasm is more scoff.
general, biochemists that chemical cell scientists do not know too much, thus making it difficult to grasp the nature of the process. In turn, cell scientists believe that chemical methods for the unique structure of living cells is not appropriate. Meng Del genetics rediscovered in 1900, and the subsequent effect on the interpretation of chromosomes and genes, initially did not lead to synthesis. biochemist not seen as a shortcut to explain classical genetics, general neglect of this comprehensive possibilities.
essence, the argument of both sides are right today, with their own biochemistry have so many terms to explain the cellular mechanisms, confirming its own initial predictions, these predictions at the time seemed more reluctant, but in this remarkable process, especially since 1950, has been partially transformed into biochemistry of new molecular biology, which can be said that a special kind of biochemistry, it is the task of is to specify the DNA helix and that some of the enzyme protein molecules arranged in a special space. cytology contributed to the development of this particular chemical and a strong set of new use of technology, including electrophoresis, chromatography, density gradient separation and X high heart ray crystallization at the same time, cytology into modern cell biology. enlarged hundreds of times an object using the electron microscope, its methods and language are converted to molecular biology, and finally, through the study from the fruit fly, mice to bacterial, viral transfer, the classic combination of genetics and biochemistry into the molecular genetics.
cell biology and biochemistry disciplines between rival technology from theory to all the contest. to promote major advances in biology. This interaction is a victory of scientific materialism, which has greatly enriched our understanding of the nature of life, access to pre-scientific culture than any can imagine the contents of the more powerful literature.
In my opinion, in convergence of biology and social sciences,UGG Patent Paisley, we will repeat the cycle. Western culture, spiritual life of the two tendencies will eventually combine in history, biology, the impact of the social sciences, only through the medical benefits of genetic project vision. and the shadow of population growth and other forms of technology indirectly manifested these things though has important practical significance, but the basic concepts of social science is negligible for our colleges and universities to learning is a fundamental biological phenomenon, it is the fundamental focus of the humanities.
it is easy to be fooled by the other's point of view, the view that: science can only produce few information, it is clear that the Apollo-style cold method, with full and stir the spirit of Dionysus style has nothing in common life, as one dedicated to science can only be the loss of human order to express the spirit of this anti-cultural exchanges, Theodore Ross portrays Zach Such a mental image: see the art of moving color, see the world of aesthetic projection at the other end, we found a religious experience dark, hazy tone, gradually dim, wavelength gradually beyond the outside of all perception, from here we find the meaning of as a biological object of study other than obviously the target too low.
the core of the scientific method is to restore the perception of the basic phenomena, testable theory, the scientific summary of any particular elegance mm mm or beautiful can not be explained by the phenomenon of its size and its simplicity of expression measured as a physicist and a pioneer of logical positivism, Mach used the following definitions to express this idea: is a minimization problem, the fact that it contains the most comprehensive presentation and the most economic way of thinking. revealed in the analysis of the latest law, under the control carried out by a wide range of complex integrated restructuring, revealed novel, the emergence of the phenomenon when the viewer to shift attention from one organization to another level, organizational level (for example, shifted from the chemical physics or shift from chemical biology), he hoped that all low-level rules still apply, but a higher organizational level of reorganization requires the provisions of lower-order units, which in turn produces rich and basic, unexpected new principle. provisions, including special combination of various units, and these elements (units) and the spatial arrangement of the special combination of history and let us look at the chemistry of a simple example the composition of the hydrogen molecule is a negatively charged nitrogen atom and three triangle connecting the positively charged hydrogen atoms, if the location of these atoms is fixed, the performance of the entire molecule will be different in both ends of the electrical (dipole moment), and nuclear physics, the laws of symmetry apparent conflict, but In fact, the movement of the hydrogen molecule is not unusual: the nitrogen atom to thirty billion times per second, the frequency of back and forth through the hydrogen atoms of the triangle, it's neutral dipole moment, however, this does not exist for you in sugar and other organic molecules in their structure is too complex and too hard to get into, but they did not deny the violation of the laws of physics, this stipulation is not very meaningful for the atomic physicist, but the organic and biology is widespread result of this stipulation.
from insect evolution of social life, we can cite an example closer to the subject in about a million years ago the Mesozoic, the original wasp evolved diploid sex-determining haplotypes. This feature determines the resulting fertilized eggs produce females but not males, this simple control method may be a special adaptation, making the female wasp according to the nature of insect prey to choose the sex of offspring, especially the smaller prey can give the male offspring, because male offspring of protein in the developing needs less, but no matter what the initial cause, that a single diploid cell an evolutionary event, it is quite by accident pre-determined a tendency of these insects: to develop advanced forms of social life. diploid single-mother-daughter relationship has led to closer than a sister relationship, so females may be passed into infertile colony genetic benefits arising from their clear duty is to nurture and sisters. nursing sister is infertile females of this insect social organization of the basic characteristics such as single-diploid decisive role only in the wasp bees and ants and their close relatives in these insects has generated a social way of life, and under normal circumstances are matriarchy, that the queen female offspring management; or sister system, the management of infertile females lay their eggs female bee. wasp, bees and ants seems to be a great success, they can camp most places on Earth,Cheap Uggs For Sale, and the local ecology have significant influence in the Brazilian forest, accounting for their community, including the total weight of worms class, toucan and jaguar all the land animals, including 20% ??of the total weight of hard to imagine anyone relying on the knowledge of single-diploid can guess all of this.
restore is the traditional method of scientific analysis, but it also caused worry and discontent, if you can use biological principles of human behavior and make decisions with any degree of reduction, it may mean that person's unique status and loss of humanity, almost no social scientists and humanities scholars willing to do so, and no one is prepared to make any concessions on the other hand, the reduction method with the removal of Note equate justice is completely wrong. a discipline of the law on the subject for the book in its essential , they stimulate and promote the more effective reorganization of the intelligence, but their level of discipline for the purpose of this is not sufficient. biology is the key to understanding human nature, social scientists can not ignore it that the principle rapidly mature However, the potential of social science contains much richer and they eventually draw on ideas from biology and beyond them, from those who today have reasons beyond the anthropocentric point of view, human beings should study its own.