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From the 19th century to the 1952 revolution
junshan0202 发表于 2012/7/30 10:39:00
The position of the Copts began to improve early in the 19th century under the stability and tolerance of 's dynasty. The Coptic community ceased to be regarded by the state as an administrative unit and, by 1855, the main mark of Copts' inferiority, the Jizya tax, was lifted. Shortly thereafter Moncler Jackets, Christians started to serve in the Egyptian army. The in Egypt, the first grassroots display of Egyptian identity in centuries, stands as a witness to the homogeneity of Egypt's modern society with both its Muslim and Christian components.

The cornerstone (or foundation stone) concept is derived from the first stone set in the construction of a masonry , important since all other stones will be set in reference to this stone, thus determining the position of the entire .Over time a cornerstone became a stone, or Moncler , set in a prominent location on the outside of a building, with an inscription on the stone indicating the construction dates of the building and the names of , and other significant individuals. The rite of laying a cornerstone is an important cultural component of eastern and metaphorically in generally.

The origins of this tradition are vague but its presence in countries can be associated with one quotation from the Old Testament () cited six times in the New Testament (,, , , and )and quoted by the writer of the Book of 1st Peter Moncler Jackets Sale . The writer of the Book of Ephesians makes clear that Jesus is the cornerstone, of a faith rather than a building, referred to in the Old Testament .Some cornerstones include from, or engravings commemorating the time a particular building was built.

Often, the ceremony involved the placing of of , and on or under the stone. These were symbolic of the produce and the people of the land and the means of their subsistence. This in turn derived from the practice in still more ancient times of making an animal or human that was laid in the foundations.Frazer (2006: p. 106-107) in charts the various propitiary sacrifices and substitution such as the Moncler Down Vests Women , states that:Nowhere, perhaps, does the equivalence of the shadow to the life or soul come out more clearly than in some customs practised to this day in South-eastern Europe. In modern Greece, when the foundation of a new building is being laid, it is the custom to kill a cock, a ram, or a lamb, and to let its blood flow on the foundation-stone, under which the animal is afterwards buried. The object of the sacrifice is to give strength and stability to the building. But sometimes, instead of killing an animal, the builder entices a man to the foundation-stone, secretly measures his body, or a part of it, or his shadow, and buries the measure under the foundation-stone; or he lays the foundation-stone upon the man's shadow. It is believed that the man will die within the year. The Roumanians of Transylvania think that he whose shadow is thus immured will die within forty days; so persons passing by a building which is in course of erection may hear a warning cry, Beware lest they take thy shadow! Not long ago there were still shadow-traders whose business it was to provide architects with the shadows necessary for securing their walls. In these cases the measure of the shadow is looked on as equivalent to the shadow itself, and to bury it is to bury the life or soul of the man Moncler Down Vest Men, who, deprived of it, must die. Thus the custom is a substitute for the old practice of immuring a living person in the walls, or crushing him under the foundation-stone of a new building, in order to give strength and durability to the structure, or more definitely in order that the angry ghost may haunt the place and guard it against the intrusion of enemies.

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