BB cream recommended in a number of biological samples under pressure, digestion, BB cream charts BB cream can greatly extend the digestion time.
Used pressurized dissolved device similar to a miniature pressure cooker, double-layer attached cap of the tank-like container, the inner layer is made of platinum or Teflon outer layer made of stainless steel sample dissolution when the lid is tightened heating.
(2) alkali fusion is generally 20% ~ solvents, 30% NaOH solution to dissolve metal aluminum and aluminum, zinc and other nonferrous alloys.
2Al +2 of NaOH +2 H2O = 2NaAlO2 +3 H2u
reaction in silver or PTFE plastic containers, sample iron,nike air max, manganese, copper, nickel, magnesium and the formation of metal residue precipitates, aluminum, zinc, lead, tin, No. quasi points silicon to form oxygenated radical into solution. separated from the solution and metal debris filter. acid solution acidification, metal residue is dissolved with HNO3, respectively, discount points. In
melting
Melt Decomposition is acidic or alkaline flux, mixed with the sample, the metathesis reaction at high temperatures, the sample All components converted to soluble in water or acid compounds (such as sodium, potassium, sulfate and chloride, etc.) due to the much higher concentration of reactants and temperature than melting solvent, so the decomposition test the ability of the paradox is much stronger than the dissolution method to add a large number of flux melting (about 6 to 12 times that of the sample quality), and thus the flux of ions and which impurities into the test solution, the other melting corrosion of the crucible material, and also make the test solution by the contamination, so the melting decomposition of strong solvent not only the melting method of fusion with acid and alkali fusion.
acid fusion (1) is commonly used acid flux focus potassium sulfate (K2S2O7) (melting point 419 ° C) and sulfuric acid, potassium hydrogen (KHSO4) (melting point 219 ° C) after burning hydrogen sulfate potassium loss of moisture, and also to generate the focus potassium sulfate,
2KHSO4 = K2S2O7 + H2O
Therefore, the role of both is the same. focus potassium sulfate decomposition of SO3,
. K2S2O7 = K2SO4 + SO3
such flux above 420 ℃ at 300 ℃ more than you can react with alkaline or neutral oxide, generating soluble sulfate, such as rutile (the main component of TiO2) K2s2O7 decomposition reaction is;
TiO2 +2 K2S2O7 = Ti (SO4) 2 +2 K2SO4
the K2S2O7 are often used to decompose the iron, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum oxide class of mine, as well as neutral and alkaline water-resistant material.
K2S2O7 melt, the temperature should not be too high, should not exceed 500 ° C, time should not be too long, so as to avoid the the SO3 large number of volatile and sulfate decomposition embarrassed insoluble oxides. molten frit cooling
lengthen the amount of acid water leaching, in order to avoid some of the easy hydrolysis of the elements hydrolyze and precipitate the
ammonium salt Method: This method is melting power 2-3 minutes to complete, the method is based on the ammonium salts decompose when heated to the corresponding anhydrous acid has a strong ability to dissolve at high temperatures.
of NH4F about 110 ℃ rNH3 + HF
(NH4) 2S2O8r120 ℃ 2NH3u +2 H2SO4
NH4Clr330 ℃ 2NH3u + HClu
5NH4NO3r> 190 ℃ 4N2u +9 H2Ou +2 HNO3
(NH4) 2SO2r350 ℃ 2NH3u + H2SO4
( 2) alkaline fusion acid sample, such as acidic oxides (silicate, clay), the acidic slag, acid insoluble residue, etc., can be used alkali fusion
commonly used alkaline flux Na2CO3 (melting point 853 ° C) of K2CO3 (melting point 903 ° C), NaOH (melting point 318 ° C) of KOH (melting point 404 ° C), Na2O2 (melting point 460 ° C) and their mixed flux.
1) Na2CO3 or of K2CO3: often a mixture of both , so that the melting point can be reduced to about 712 ℃, the decomposition of silicate, sulfate, etc..
2) Na2O2: strong oxidizing, corrosive, violent often slow down the reaction and Na2CO3 mix, Na2O2 can not let the presence of organic matter will be issued as an explosion.
3) sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide: commonly days bauxite, the decomposition of silicates, in the decomposition of insoluble minerals can be mixed with the long amount of Na2O2 or long amount of KNO3 mix.
the 4) sintering of the mixed flux (mixed reagent semi-melting method): the temperature below the melting point, the sample and solid reagent reaction and melting, heating for a long time. temperature is low, less damage to the crucible, in a porcelain crucible.
commonly used semi-molten mixture: 2 copies of MgO +3 copies of Na2CO3
of MgO +2 copies of Na2CO3
1 of ZnO +2 copies of Na2CO3
this method is widely decomposition of the ore or to do the role of the coal sulfur content,Nike Shox NZ, MgO or ZnO the high melting point can prevent Na2CO3 fusion when the ignition, so that the reagent to keep the loose state, so that the ore oxidation faster, more complete, reaction gas is also easy to escape.
the decomposition of organic compounds a constant temperature ashing method: the organic sample placed in a crucible, carbonized in an electric furnace, and then moved to the high-temperature furnace ,550-600 ° C ashing After 2-4 hours, gray-red residue cooled, 1 + 1 hydrochloric acid or nitric acid dissolution, the determination of this law applies to the determination of organic compounds, copper, lead, zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium determination.
2, oxygen flask combustion method, in a sealed bottle of oxygen, electricity spray ignition of organic samples, bottle Sheng appropriate absorbent to absorb the combustion products, and then determination of each element,Nike Air Max LTD, this method is commonly used in organic compounds by halogen Determination of non-metallic elements.
3, wet decomposition:
a nitric acid - sulfuric acid digestion, before adding nitric acid, add sulfuric acid to prevent charring, once carbonized hard to digest to the end, this law applies to organic Determination of lead, arsenic, copper, and zinc compounds.
b, sulfuric acid - hydrogen peroxide, digest, apply to iron or with a high fat samples.
c, sulfuric acid - perchloric acid or nitric acid - perchloric acid digestion, tin, iron and organic matter digestion.
other online analysis of the chemical sample decomposition method can download the book 461,Nike Air Max 247, about 17M. Download accounting for translation days did not find, if need be leave contact email I gave a copy of
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, [the key word] movement; skeletal muscle; calcineurin phosphatase;
of AMPK in skeletal muscle both perform the movement and regulation of body glucose, lipid, protein metabolism, vital organs, but also a high degree of plasticity of organ skeletal muscle phenotype (the size of the fiber and type) subject to the myoblast cell lineage restrictions in the embryonic development, embryos formed in the early primary myotubes can differentiate into different types of muscle fibers. myoblasts after the birth of course, has been directed, but still have the plasticity of postnatal development of differentiation of muscle fibers is mainly governed by the thyroid stimulated meat and motor neuron activity, muscle fiber composition in adulthood can also be due to changes in age and type of activity from the motor nerve, mechanical load and energy supply change [1-3], such as older can lead to a reduction in length of the fast twitch fibers, and cross-innervation and electrical stimulation, exercise (mechanical stimulation), and weight loss because of the meat can be give rise to a skeletal muscle fiber type conversion. understand the different exercise induced skeletal muscle phenotype and its mechanism is not only owned wild rice the development of sports training programs and rehabilitation exercise program, but also for various reasons due to the treatment of disorders of muscle atrophy and islet dirty resistance to explore new drug target sites. With the inexhaustible depth research on the molecular biology level, it has been With the initial understanding of the molecular signaling mechanisms of exercise induced skeletal muscle type conversion, this paper reviewed. 1 skeletal muscle fibers in
the parting
history, people of different periods of skeletal muscle fiber types have different degrees of understanding [3], until the 1970s, people of Chemistry, the Organization of ATPase and electric mirror technology will muscle fibers are divided into type Ⅰ (slow contraction oxidized), II a type (fast contraction oxidative glycolytic type) and II b-type (fast contraction of yeast type of solution) three types of type. Subsequently, the use of myosin heavy chain (myosin heavy chain, MHC) monoclonal antibody for the true experience of immunohistochemistry, in situ net pay real experience, a single muscle fiber MHC by SDS PAGE electrophoresis and cloning technologies such as , adult rodent animals generally skeletal muscle fibers can be divided into pure Ⅰ, Ⅱ a, II the x (or II d), Ⅱ b fibers and MHC heterogeneous body of coexistence of mixed fibers (their coexistence way of Ⅱ a / Ⅱ x, Ⅱ x / II b, Ⅰ, / II a) and it is the coexistence type fibers exist when there is conducive to functional requirements MHC conversion [1 ~ 3] At present, people found that muscle fibers exist more than 10 categories of MHC protein heterogeneous body, however in human muscle fibers is lack of MHC II b protein, its of MHC II the x-positive fibers quite II b fibers in the ATPase staining [2]. MHC isomer composition has become a molecular marker to distinguish between muscle fiber type and muscle adaptability. induced
2 movement of skeletal muscle fiber conversion
In order to answer motor neuron activity, such as changes in the external environment, skeletal muscle bran (over to adapt to the conversion of muscle fiber types in addition to pathological conditions, skeletal muscle fibers usually turn to them, II b [2] through cross-motor nerves in adult skeletal muscle, disposable and different electrical stimulation can give rise to a change of the nervous vitality, and thus induce changes in skeletal muscle fiber type and the fast motor neuron sedative similar high-frequency electric stimulation can be induced by the slow-twitch to fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibers, and slow motor neurons similar to the low-frequency electrical stimulation can induce skeletal muscle fibers from fast to slow. Also disuse and weightlessness lead to skeletal muscle [1 conversion to the fast-twitch, 4], after the interference of the super-Earth gravitational soleus muscle to slow twitch fibers conversion, while the plantaris is to fast-twitch fiber conversion [5]. However, between the muscle and muscle fiber types of the nature of difference will limit the scope of the skeletal muscle conversion of, fast muscle of conversion interval often as II b. II the x II a; slow muscle of the conversion range and more for Ⅰ, II a II the x [1]. movement to stimulate skeletal muscle table type remodeling of important due to dirty, horizontal survey [6] marathon runners have more Ⅰ type muscle fibers, while sprinters have more type II muscle fibers. therefore, exercise can induce skeletal muscle MHC isomer composition change, and the specificity of muscle and movement. 2.1 of endurance exercise on skeletal muscle fiber types blessing of Animals usual human endurance exercise may improve skeletal muscle aerobic metabolic capacity, additional mitochondrial content, but not necessarily associated with muscle fiber type transformation, However, the current has been clearly a certain intensity and duration of endurance sports can be aroused in skeletal muscle fiber MHC heterogeneous body change, usually presents II br II xr II ar Ⅰ, the change. For example, 6 w endurance training induced a dog b side muscle the MCH the I add, while of MHC II a and of MHC II the x landing [7] .13 w Marathon movement is to induce the gastrocnemius of MHC Ⅰ, type of fiber has increased from 48% to 56%, while the mixed fibers from 24% to 13% [8] The Task Force also found that 6 w slope of endurance exercise in rat soleus muscle fibers convert to slow twitch, extensor digitorum longus did not change [9] the addition Verdijk [10] After 12 w endurance exercise training, the subjects of type II muscle fibers and satellite cells were significantly progress, type Ⅰ There were no significant changes found in the elderly endurance exercise may be due to endurance exercise can reduce the long-elderly type Ⅱ atrophy of muscle fibers.
2.2 strength training on the skeletal muscle fiber types of strength training and endurance training-induced skeletal muscle quality and aerobic metabolic capacity (mitochondria and aerobic metabolic activity) to adapt, but most longitudinal studies [11 ] show strength training will cause similar to the endurance sports MHC heterogeneous body along the II b r II d / xr II a of the transition, especially pure II d / x-type and II d / x / II a hybrid muscle fiber ratio of the obvious with the landing, but usually will not affect the mitochondrial aerobic metabolic activity and the proportion of type I muscle fibers .12 w heavy load strength training can induce the dog b-side muscle of MHC II x landing, a small load to no MHC change [12], but also reported that resistance training [4,13 ] does not arouse the skeletal muscle fibers in the proportion of the change or lead to skeletal muscle table type two-way conversion, ie, the I r II a / II xl in II b or even Ⅱ x change. reason may be the MHC analysis technology, test objects age, gender, using the intensity, duration and related to dietary differences [4,12,13].
2.3 speed affect the speed of training on skeletal muscle fiber type training on the neuromuscular impulse model looks and strength training, can be caused by muscle fiber hypertrophy, II a fiber However, aerobic capacity phenotypic adaptation but with endurance exercise is similar to [14], However, the muscle fiber transformation and more performance out of two-way change the trend, that is, of MHC II xrMHC II alMHCI [15]. Andersen, the study [13] show six sprint athletes in significant progress after three months of high-intensity speed training, speed, capacity and quadriceps of MHC I proportion decreased significantly (from 52.0% to 4l.2%) of MHC Ⅱ a ratio significantly increased (from 34.7% to 52.3 %), co-expression of MHC II a and MHC II x the proportion of muscle fibers also decreased (from 12.9% to 5.1%). rabbit muscle type of
3 movement signal conversion mechanism
the present study indicate that multiple signaling pathways involved in movement caused by First, in the process of skeletal muscle contraction, intracellular Ca2 + concentration increased, will be activated downstream of Ca2 +-sensitive signaling molecule pathway, which led to the so-called excited-transcription coupling [16]. the second is accompanied by skeletal muscle contraction during exercise, skeletal muscle type conversions. metabolic changes of the energy metabolites such as ADP, AMP added to activate the energy feelings of signaling molecules. mechanical stimulation, as well as other metabolites such as free fatty acid (FFA), an increase in reactive oxygen species like can be based (ROS) can also be related to activation signals above signal by a series of transcription factors regulating gene expression [17,18], and ultimately the type of adaptive changes to the skeletal muscle fibers.
3.1 of Ca2 + signaling pathway Ca2 + is exercise important second messenger that calcium calcineurin (calcineurin, Cn) and calmodulin kinase (CaMK) is the Ca2 + downstream participate in the movement caused by the muscle fibers into two important signaling pathways.
3.1.1 of Cn signaling pathway has been clearly Cn as the Ca2 + downstream receptors in cells sustained elevated low-amplitude Ca2 + (100 ~ 300 nmol / L) to stimulate the next bran (had to rely of Ca2 + / of CaM (calmodulin.) pathway are activated. activated CN further through of NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) / of MEF2 participate in animals in the corresponding target gene regulation in skeletal muscle of Cn in the fast muscle content was significantly higher than the slow-twitch, but half of the activity only slow muscle [9]. Cn activity through transgenic technology to increase or suppress Cn activity as well as drugs suppress the body really experience has been consistent with found Cn promote the shift from the fast-twitch fibers to slow twitch fibers, and Cn activity in the maintenance of MHC I gene expression is also necessary [17, 19 ~ 21]. skeletal muscle cells cultured in vitro stimulation of Ca2 +, cyclosporin ( Cn activity curbed agent) block of Ca2 + induced by the of MHC the I raised, but not influence of Ca2 + induced by the of MHC II the x cut, while independent high expression of active Cn of mouse skeletal muscle culture cells is increase of MHC the I, of MHC II a, of MHC II b, down MH
structure, similar to the CCC molecules, also has the supercoiled form. divided into the positive supercoiling and negative supercoils two at their direction. produced by DNA topoisomerase (a) the primary structure of RNA: nuclear like reclined nucleotide arrangement, even pay the way to form 1, a structure characterized by containing many rare base (up to tRNA) the majority do not meet the base equivalent law; small molecule, multi-copy; base is A, G, C, U, single-stranded RNA self-coiled to form a partial double helix more than the stem-loop or dihydro uracil ring, the TPC ring variable ring .4 arm: amino acid arm (c) the tertiary structure of tRNA: inverted ; .2 of DNA, compared with fibrous solid, Solubility: DNA + PrmDNP 1M of NaCl the the solubility largest
of RNA + PrmRNP in 0.14M NaCl maximum solubility, viscosity: nucleic acid of the solution viscosity, viscosity degree of DNA than RNA nucleic acid denaturation, the viscosity decreases and the nature of the nucleic acid of gender ionization. its isoelectric point acidic DNA pI of approximately 4 ~ 5, RNA pI of approximately 2.0 to 2.5 (a) DNA denaturation (denaturation, with): the double helix structure of DNA molecules in the solution chain for the phenomenon of irregular linear structure .., degeneration of the essence: a structure has been changed.: breaking hydrogen bonds, stacking interactions between the base was destroyed. degeneration factors: physical and chemical factors (1) the degree of melting: show the degeneration degree of difficulty of the DNA double helix structure of half denaturation temperature (Tm) ① The GC content: the elevated GC content and Tm increased. ② medium ionic strength: increased ionic strength, Tm increased ③ DNA is uniform: Tm narrow homogeneous, heterogeneous Tm wide. the ④ Molecular size: Molecular large Tm, Tm low molecular (1) solution viscosity reduction: a close rigid structure into a soft, single-stranded linear structure of the loose rules (2) optical rotation change: (3) UV absorption enhanced hyperchromic effect (hyperchromic effect): refers to the DNA denaturation after its 260nm UV enhanced the effect of absorption of DNA renaturation: denatured DNA in the closing Cha conditions, in part or sweep the number of Parties to the phenomenon of synthetic double-stranded molecules of pure cross: (hybridization,) different from the original nucleic acid denaturation, grouped in a refolding, the formation of the formation of the so-called hybrid double-stranded (heterodup lex). DNAmDNA can also RNAmRNA, and DNAmRNA (a) nucleic acid separation and purification should follow two principles: to ensure that the nucleic acid level structure complete zero resistance; lifting contamination of other molecules. (b) nucleic acid purity requirements ① should not exist inhibit the enzyme, organic solvent and the excessive concentration of metal ions; ② other biological macromolecules such as protein should be reduced to a minimum (3) the lifting of other nucleic acid molecules pollution determination of DNA in a UV absorption method C = MrA260/eLC: Nucleic acid content (mg / mL), Mr: is the relative molecular mass, A260: absorbance of the nucleic acid solution, e: molar extinction coefficient (ie, 1 liter of solution containing 1 mole of nucleic acids optical absorption value) L: inner diameter of the cuvette (cm)
enzyme in vivo catalytic activity of biological macromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, also known as biocatalyst .1 monomer enzyme: with only one peptide chain, small molecular weight. most of the hydrolytic enzymes belonging to this category. two oligomeric enzymes: by a few or dozens of polypeptide chain, each peptide chain is a subunit single subunit enzyme activity such as: hexokinase, containing four subunits of glutamate dehydrogenase consists of six subunits. a) of the enzyme active center (active center) on the enzyme and substrate orthogonal cross-touch and directly involved in the reaction of a small region. For conjugating enzyme, coenzyme, or cofactor is often the active center of the composition of the enzyme activity-related groups as essential groups of the enzyme activity of the enzyme with isotope-labeled center, enzymatic hydrolysis, found that: groups of the enzyme active center may be very far away in a structure similar functional enzyme in a structure surprisingly similar; protein activity centers on the phylogenetic the physiological significance of the strictly conservative. plasminogen activator: a. avoid protease to digest their own cell; 2. allows enzymes play a role in a particular location and the environment .. The Km values ??characteristic constant of the enzyme; only with the enzyme related to the nature has nothing to do with the concentration of enzyme substrate of the enzyme catalyzed reaction conditions related to the type of enzyme, the Km values, the role of an enzyme with different substrates, the Km values ??are also different. smallest Km values ??of S to E most income widow matter of the enzyme Km values ??range roughly between 10-1 to 10-6 M, the optimum temperature is not a characteristic constant of the enzyme, the other reaction conditions the pH of the enzyme activity is called enzyme optimum pH typical of the enzyme rate-pH curve is narrow bell-shaped curve, but the speed of some enzyme-pH curve is not necessarily was the Bell-type such as: Mg + + is a variety of kinase and synthase activator, animal saliva a-amylase by the activation of Cl-activator is a relative term. inhibitor of the enzyme activity loss, combined with a covalent bond with the enzyme essential groups make
non-specific irreversible inhibition of the inhibitor with the enzyme molecules in a category or categories of groups, both the essential groups, including non-essential groups which must be groups
inhibitors bind, resulting in the inhibition of enzyme inactivation. site of action: the role of the sulfhydryl enzyme specifically covalent enzyme active center or the essential groups of organophosphorus ------ nervous system in the over-excited state, causing the symptoms of neurotoxicity. irreversible inhibition: I and E covalently bound, dialysis and other physical methods to remove the I. Competitive inhibition: I in chemical structure similar to the structure of S I and S combined with E's activity center with a point, S and I and the combination of enzyme compete with each other. many drugs are enzyme competitive inhibitor of non-competitive inhibition of I and S and E are not the same parts, I and S chaff, a combination of E on the formation of the ESI can not be released to form a product of P.
enzyme was the principle of separation: high yield, high purity, high activity under the optimal reaction conditions (temperature 25 ° C) per minute, catalyzed by 1 micromolar (mmol) of substrate into the product of the amount of enzyme required (or 1 conversion of substrate to generate the amount of enzyme in 1 micromolar product minutes) is called a standard unit (IU) under the optimum temperature per second can catalyze 1 mol of substrate conversion is referred to as the required amount of enzyme is defined as 1 kat adjust the center of the enzyme molecule, with some compounds non-covalently, caused by enzyme conformational change, thereby changing the state of the enzyme activity, this regulatory role of enzymes known as allosteric modulators (allosteric regulation), the allosteric regulation of the enzymes known as allosteric enzymes (allosteric enzyme), also known as allosteric enzyme). allosteric agents: where make an enzyme
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